What is GSM ?
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a standard describing the protocols of second-generation (2G) cellular networks. Launched for the first time in Finland in 1991, when mobile phones began to become widespread, it quickly became the standard network technology worldwide. By 2010, GSM was used in more than 193 countries.
A precursor to packet data transfer, GSM is equipped with a maximum data rate of 9.6 kbps and uses frequency bands between 850 MHz and 1900 MHz for 2G. It facilitated the growth of sending SMS and lightweight MMS on mobiles and allowed usage over long distances with sufficient network coverage.
Compared to 1G networks, GSM provided additional security by encrypting data and calls and also introduced new features like call waiting. It focused on calls and text messages and solely met the need for mobile telephony.
Therefore, the GSM standard was extended with two mobile networks: GPRS (2.5G) and then EDGE (2.75G), its most advanced form. Compared to GSM, these provide mobile data services with better data rates. Over the years, new technologies have succeeded 2G: 3G, 4G, and recently, 5G, the most advanced mobile phone standard at present.
Towards the end of 2G by late 2026
Currently, the GSM standard is still used in IoT. Connected solutions generally have long life cycles, and many IoT devices still rely exclusively on 2G networks, particularly those that do not need to send large amounts of data. However, while it remains useful for low-bandwidth IoT applications, GSM is reaching the end of its lifespan.
In several countries in Europe and around the world, the shutdown of 2G is already underway. Countries such as Australia, Japan, and Germany have already proceeded with the closure of 2G networks. In France, GSM will be definitively stopped by the end of 2026 for all operators.
One of the reasons? The need to free up bandwidth, reallocate resources to newer networks (4G, LTE-M, NB-IoT, and 5G), and offer users better service. 2G technologies consume a lot of resources for just a few users. In France, most connections have already moved to 4G.
End of GSM: what alternatives for businesses?
The end of 2G will inevitably lead to network outages for affected IoT devices. To maintain connectivity, businesses using connected objects on 2G must migrate to more suitable next-generation technologies. Connectivity options include 4G, 5G, LTE-M, or NB-IoT.
Developed after 2G and 3G, these new cellular networks each bring improvements to offer ever greater service quality. They are better suited to meet current (and future) business needs and present an opportunity to renew their equipment with more efficient, durable, and less energy-consuming devices.
For demanding applications like downloading large volumes of data or video, technologies such as 4G and 5G offer excellent speeds and real-time connectivity. For applications sending small data amounts or requiring long battery life, LTE-M is perfectly suited. This 4G technology dedicated to IoT has sleep mode features to improve battery life.
Geographical coverage, types of connected devices… The choice depends on a multitude of factors. Therefore, understanding the specifics of each technology is essential to succeed in this transition. The key? Being supported by an expert operator who will help you find the solution tailored to your needs and identify all the opportunities available to you.
Brand of Bouygues Telecom dedicated to IoT, Objenious leverages its multi-technology portfolio, including NB-IoT, LTE-M, and 5G, to offer complete and personalized solutions. For a successful IoT transition, our experts provide advice on the best offers to meet your needs.